In the middle of 1941 it was decided that the radar cover in
the Shetlands should be increased, particularly at low level. Four Admiralty Coastal Defence U-boat Radars
(CDUs) were providing good cover to the north and to the south of the island
group but the cover to the east and west was deemed to be inadequate. In June
1941 the decision was taken to construct 2 RAF Chain Home Low (CHL) radar sites.
One was to be on the Wart (Ward) of Clett , on the island of Whalsay to
the east of the Shetland Mainland. This unit was intended to provide good early warning of low level
raiders approaching from the east. The
other site was to be built on the most
suitable point on the extreme west side of the Shetland Mainland at a place
called Virdag, in an area generally known as Watsness - this was to provide
enhanced cover to the west. The official designation for this site was
"Air Ministry Experimental Station (AMES) 55a". The CHL site on
Whalsay will be the subject of a future piece. In this section I plan to
outline the history of RAF Watsness as AMES 55a was more commonly known.
As with every Shetland radar site, all material
(bricks, cement, wood and electrical components) had to be shipped up from the
Scottish mainland. By the end of September it was reported that progress at
Watsness was good and that "the apparatus" was at Lerwick awaiting
shipment. Watness is about 35 miles by road from Lerwick but in those days the
"road" was little more than a stone/gravel track for most of the way.
Although there were a small number of inhabited buildings close to the camp,
the nearest community of any size was at Walls (pronounced Waas locally), 4
miles away. (Left click on images to enlarge).
Fairly typically the Unit was divided into 2 separate sites,
a Domestic Site with the main off-duty accommodation, catering and recreation
areas, and an Op/Tech site where the radar equipment and on-duty personnel were
located. There was a "camp within a camp" on the Ops/Tech site which
housed the guard force. The 2 sites were
just over half a mile apart and I will explain the layout of each site later
on.
CHL radar had been in use for some time before the
installation on this site and significant improvements had been made. When they
became operational earlier sites had manually turned, separate Transmitter and
Receiver aerials, most of these were being updated with more modern equipment. From
the start Watsness was to use a single combined Transmit/Receive 4-bay aerial,
mounted on a 20ft gantry and rotated by a motor. Earlier Metropolitan Vickers
VT58 valves had been replaced by later VT98 valves permitting greater power
output; thereby ensuring a marked improvement in performance.
One has to have sympathy for most of the servicemen when
they were posted to Shetland in the War. It was a long journey with a
frequently unpleasant sea-crossing from mainland Scotland. A few had heard an
old nickname for Shetland - the Auld Rock (Old Rock) - and thought they were being posted to a small
rocky island in the middle of the ocean. In fact, many were pleasantly
surprised when they finally arrived at their destination. Watsness was in one
of the better agricultural areas of Shetland with some spectacular views,
particularly of Foula just 15 miles or so to the south west. Like many who went
to Shetland in the war they were to be
located in a friendly farming community. Being long used to strict mainland
rationing, the opportunity to purchase fresh eggs, mutton/lamb and even obtain
fresh fish would have been welcomed. Some, lucky enough to get leave, would
return home with meat, eggs and in, some cases, Shetland knitwear and sheep
fleeces.
Ops/Tech Site.
The Ops/ Tech Site was at about 325ft
above sea level and its main features were a combined Transmitter & Receiver
Building, a Power House, a Standby Set House (secondary power generation) and a
Mark III Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) installation. A number of CHL sites
had Ops Buildings housing the Transmitter, Receiver and Ops Room like this one
illustrated in the SD 0458:
However, the building at Watsness was rather different. Solid blast
walls were constructed with a concrete foundation measuring approximately 50 x
18 feet laid inside. A wooden hut was then erected on the foundation. A
modern photo of the blast walls and concrete foundation is shown below:
The hut within the blast walls would have be similar to the
one in the following picture from Bob Jenner:
Inside there would have been 2 large rooms - a Transmitter
Room & a Receiver/Ops Room - plus a couple of smaller areas for storage and
rest. Very close to the hut would have been the 20ft Gantry with the radar
aerial. The gantry would have been similar to this one illustrated in the SD
0458:
A Power House was essential - there was no mains power in
this part of Shetland until the 1950's. At the beginning the generators used
were Nunn & Lister but after June 1942 they were put on standby after a
Crossley Generator was installed. Although the equipment was removed at the end
of the war the power house was left standing and has been made use of by the
local crofters and sheep ever since.
In case of unserviceability or damage by enemy action, all
of the war time radar sites had a back-up power supply located in what was
known as a Standby Set House. An up to date picture of the one at Watsness,
with some old agricultural machinery in the doorway, is appended below:
One other significant Ops/Tech building on the site was
constructed to house the Mark III IFF system. This would have replaced an earlier, less efficient system, which would have had a much smaller antenna (probably mounted on the operations hut). I haven't been able to find out
when the work took place - the Mark III IFF equipment was in short supply and allocated
to units on a priority basis. It is quite possible that the building was put up
some time before the electronic components arrived. There is local evidence to
suggest that the small building was used as an ammunition store for part of its
life. The building is shown in this modern photo - the concrete foundation to
the right of the structure would have been the base of the aerial gantry.
An indication of what the complete installation would have
looked like can be seen in the picture of another site, which was sent to me by
Bob Jenner:
The Mark III IFF system at Watsness became operational in October
1943.
Other remains still visible on the site include the
foundations of the army/RAF Regiment guard force billets and associated
buildings, 2 air raid shelters and 2
Light Anti Aircraft Gun emplacements (possibly .300 initially and .303 later):
To put the layout of the Ops/Tech Site into perspective I
have labelled the remains on this Google Earth Image:
A few more pictures of the Ops/Tech Site are at Note 2
Domestic Site.
The Domestic Site was down hill to the
south east of the Ops/Tech Site at a height of about 170ft above sea level and occupied
both sides of a track leading to a croft at Thordale (marked as Turdale on
early Ordinance Survey maps). Other than the guard force it was the
"home" for all the off-duty personnel with accommodation, NAAFI, Medical Centre,
Fire Equipment, MT, Cookhouse, Recreational Facilities ,etc. The foundations of most of
these buildings can still be seen and some examples are shown below:
The NAAFI employed 4 girls who lived in a separate billet -
I believe 3 of them came from Glasgow and the other was a Shetland lass. Two
Air Raid Shelters are intact but contain a fair amount of post war rubbish.
An
image from Google Earth with the location of Domestic Site buildings is below.
A few more pictures of the Domestic Site are at Note 3.
Water Supply.
The water supply for the station was obtained from the Loch of Sung, just south
of the Domestic Site. The remains of the pump house can still be seen but when
the unit was operational there used to
be a windmill alongside the building.
The windmill pumped water to the first of two tanks just
above the Domestic Site. The first tank was partially filled with sand to
filter some of the impurities out, the water was then chlorinated and held in
the second tank. Water was then piped to the Domestic Site buildings.
Fresh Water was also needed at the Ops/Tech Site and so a
second windmill was located by these tanks and a pipe laid to another reservoir
on Simli Field, just north east of that site. Although Shetland has a reputation
for being a windy place there were times when the wind didn't blow. If the air
was still for any significant period manual pumping had to replace the 2
windmills.
A
view of the Ops/Tech site from behind this reservoir follows:
Personnel. The number of servicemen on the strength of the Unit varied during its three & a half year lifetime. For the first couple of years of its existence the establishment would have been in the region of 65 to 70 personnel. In this period Radar was known as RDF - Radio Direction Finding (RDF) and the allocation of servicemen to Watsness would have been about: 2 Officers - (Commanding Officer- Flying Officer & an Adjutant - Pilot Officer)
20 RDF Operators - (2 SNCOs, 4 JNCOS and 14 airmen)
5 RDF Mechanics (1 WO/SNCO, 1 JNCO and 3 airmen)
20 Administration (Clerks, Medics, Cooks, Motor Transport etc)
20 Gunners/Guards (either Army or RAF Regiment)
Major overhauls and upgrades to equipment would have been implemented by visiting working parties from outside Shetland. These parties would sometimes arrive in Shetland and visit each CHL/CDU site to carry out the same modification/s on each Unit in turn. Though not highlighted in the Watsness records it is probable that a few Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) personnel were employed on the site. Certainly one of the COs (Flying Officer Lowman) was from the RCAF and it is notable that the RCAF gave valuable help to the RDF organisation during WWII. I have notes about RCAF employment at all 4 Royal Navy CDUs (AES 1 to 4) in Shetland, at RAF Clett in Whalsay and RAF Grutness near Sumburgh.
It is apparent that the strength of the unit decreased over the last year of its existence, perhaps with the removal of the guard force as the ground threat lessened or perhaps because of the necessity of sending skilled RDF personnel to the continent as the allied forces advanced closer to Berlin. For the last six months before closure there were no commissioned officers on the strength, the CO was a Warrant Officer or SNCO from February until August 1945. The last quoted strength on the Unit records (as at 31 Jul 1945) was; Officers Nil, SNCOs 3, Other Ranks 46 (the Other Ranks figure includes 8 attached from No 5703 M&E Flight). Official records tend to give the names of the senior personnel on a Unit and I have extracted the few names I have found of servicemen who served at Watsness. Those names have been listed in Note 1. at the end of this piece.
Operations.
1942. RAF Watsness became operational in February 1942 and the following month it was reported as having a good performance and filling a "very bad gap" which had existed in the radar cover to the west of Shetland. By June the Unit was recorded as having plotted an aircraft at 20,000 feet at a range of 182 miles and as having tracked a merchant ship at range of forty-two & a half miles. Four Royal Navy personnel were on the strength to help monitor the surface plots. On a number of occasions in June the radar aerial had to be lashed down because of high winds. By this stage of the war a Filter Room had been established in Lerwick and a number of operators paid a visit to see what happened to the plots passed by the Shetland Radar units. The Northern Lights, known in Shetland as the Mirrie Dancers, were seen to cause interference on the radar display in both June & July. Fortunately the bearing (between 360 and 020 degrees) was not a normal sector for aircraft plots and had little result on the Units performance.
On 11th July a Hostile aircraft was detected by Watsness and a number of other stations. Interceptions were attempted from both Sumburgh & Kirkwall but were unsuccessful. However, the Filter Officer in Lerwick commended the operations crew at Watsness on their performance. Surface plots continued to be passed to the naval plotting room. Early in July one track was identified as being "special operations" and later the RMS St Magnus (1530 gross tons) - RMS = Royal Mail Ship - was seen at 41 miles to the south-south-east, the detection probably helped by the fact that the ship was flying a balloon as anti-aircraft protection. The RMS St Magnus (third ship of that name) belonged to The North of Scotland, Orkney & Shetland Shipping Company and sailed between mainland Scotland and the Northern Isles on a regular basis. The picture of the St Magnus III below was taken in Lerwick in the late 30's and is held in the Shetland Museum and Archives Photo Library: http://photos.shetland-museum.org.uk/
The performance of the radar continued to be good into
August with the Unit to be the first in Shetland to detect Hostile 271 though
there is no as to the fate of the
Hostile. High winds once again meant that the radar aerial had to be lashed down
for a while. In September there were a number of senior visitors, including the
Air Officer Commanding HQ 60 Group. The best pick-up range of the month was on
a friendly fighter, 192 miles south of the site - as the aircraft was at 15,000
feet that would be a creditable performance even with today's radar. On the
16th of the month the crew were also able to plot Hostile 256 which attacked Fair Isle, flying at just 50
feet for part of the time. The following day the operators were complimented on
their accuracy in plotting a Coastal Command aircraft which was lost - the
assistance enabled the aircraft to be recovered to Sumburgh safely. Again in
September the Northern Lights were observed on the radar display and on a
number of days the aerial had to be lashed down because of high winds.
October was a busy month with quite a few Hostile aircraft
detected. Intercepts were attempted against 3 of them, one of which was
detected by Watsness at 186 miles and tracked for over 100 miles. A fighter
pilot identified the aircraft as a JU88 and managed to fire a few bursts into
it - the outcome is unknown. Not many surface plots were passed to the naval
plotting room and the best shipping ranges achieved were between 38 & 52 miles. The
Northern lights were observed again and the radar was lashed down on a few days
due to gales. When the radar was tied down in this way the radar beam could
still detect aircraft but only within a very limited sector. Some of the off-duty
operations crew visited the Filter Room in Lerwick, the main town in Shetland.
In the war years the local population of the town would probably have been 4 to
5,000 but this would have been supplemented by thousands of servicemen (over
20,000 in Shetland at the time) - a change from the Watsness area!
In November few surface plots were seen but the radar
continued to provide good results against aircraft with some hostiles being
detected at long ranges and being tracked for long periods. On the evening of
the 8th the Unit received a report of a red glow about 10 miles
south-south-east of the site. Three rockets, one red and two white were also
seen. The information was immediately passed to the Filter Officer &
Coastguard. Later the Unit was informed that an Armstrong Whitworth Whitley,
that had previously been tracked on radar, had come down in the sea. Four of
the crew had been saved but 2 were missing. The Unit did launch a search on
land for the missing men but were unsuccessful. A picture of a Mk V Whitley in
1941 is below (photo in the Public Domain).
Winds again disrupted the aerial rotation quite frequently
and, towards the end of the month the radar was off the air for a pre-planned
quarterly overhaul. During the period significant modifications were made. The
original 4 bay aerial was converted to a 5 bay system and an extra P.P.I. rack
was installed (P.P.I. stands for Plan
Position Indicator, a radar display).
Modifications were also made to the Receiver which helped to make the display easier
to interpret.
In December few hostile aircraft were seen but the radar
performance was very good. The Unit detected one aircraft at 194 miles - a
record for the station - and also observed a tethered balloon 102 miles away in
Orkney. On Christmas Eve it was reported that a Naval Aircraft was in difficulties
and might have to ditch in the sea. The aircraft was plotted for 3 hours and
was eventually escorted by friendly fighters to Sumburgh, where it landed
safely. The Northern Lights were seen on the displays again and gales and
snowstorms caused some disruption to operations.
1943. January was a fairly quiet month with no
hostile aircraft seen by the Watsness radar. Surface plots were also few &
far between with the best range (39 miles) being obtained against the RMS St
Magnus, once again flying a balloon. The Station assisted in the salvage of a
derelict tanker which had been seen offshore. Visual sightings and radar plots
helped guide other vessels to the site of the drifting ship. Gales and snow
storms at the beginning of the month disrupted operations but the weather eventually
cleared. The performance of the radar was good and a quarterly overhaul was
carried out from 28th to 30th January. Several hostiles were plotted in
February, including one over the island of Bressay, just east of Lerwick. An
attempt was made at intercepting this aircraft but it was unsuccessful. One
enemy aircraft approached within 22 miles of the station but its purpose was
not established. It was also recorded that estimation of an aircrafts height by the
operators was proving to be reasonably accurate. Watsness did not have a
specific height finding radar and the crew were limited to an assessment based
on the shape of the radar beam and the range at which a track was plotted.
Severe gale force winds were experienced during the month and the operations
were frequently affected.
Air Activity over Shetland in March was greater than usual.
Watsness was involved in plotting most of the hostile tracks, including Hostile
246, which was successfully intercepted on 24th March (a JU88, shot down near Sumburgh by a Spitfire of 234 Squadron). Although surface plots
continued to be rare the Unit achieved its longest airborne range so far - on a
friendly fighter 208 miles south of the station. There was an improvement in
the weather and despite some gales they were less severe than those of February.
There was a lapse in air activity in April but some notable ranges (in the
order of 190 to 200 miles) were recorded. Visits to the Lerwick Filter Room
continued but by now they had become exchange visits with, on average, 2 airmen
staying on each site for up to four days. I'm sure the opportunity to see
"the big city" was welcomed by some of the Watsness personnel, though
life out west was not all boredom with occasional film shows in the Recreation
Hall and an active NAAFI close by.
May was a quiet month with surface plots restricted to the
RMS St Magnus, trawlers and a few troopships. The excellent low level cover was
demonstrated by a number of plots on aircraft flying at 1,000 feet at ranges
from four & a half miles out to 59 miles. Some good ranges were obtained
against friendly bombers, with one flying at 12,000 feet seen at a distance of
189 miles. The quarterly maintenance period occurred between the 13th &
15th May. So far I have been unable to find any records for the month of June.
Troops in the local area staged a mock attack on the Unit on
6th July. After 2 hours the station was overrun but there had been "heavy
casualties" on both sides. The Commander of the "attacking"
force voiced the opinion that the defence system was sound. More long range
detections were made and the station was the first to plot Hostile 510 - thanks
were later received from the Filter Officer for the accuracy of the plots on the Hostile and on the two
fighters which were sent to intercept it. On the 14th July one officer and 23
other ranks from the Pioneer Corps were billeted on the station and they were
housed in two billets on the Ops/Tech site which had recently been vacated by
the RAF Regiment. The pioneers were engaged on "special work" in the
vicinity and were expected to remain for about a month - so far I have been
unable to discover what they were doing, but it is possible they were
installing a searchlight (see below). The record of this event contains the
first mention I have seen of the RAF Regiment in association with Watsness. The
Regiment was only formed in 1942 and I believe that the main guard force at the
start of the Unit were Home Guard and/or regular army (possibly Gordon
Highlanders). Some RAF Regiment personnel were posted to RAF Skaw on Unst
around this period with responsibility for Light Anti-Aircraft Defence but why
some of their personnel should be leaving Watsness by the middle of 1943 is
something of a mystery, unless they were just relocating to the Domestic Site.
On 1st August the station was again commended by the Filter Officer after
plotting a trans-Atlantic flight which was inbound to UK but lost and in
distress. During the month searchlights were installed at seven northern radar
stations, including Watsness. On instructions from the Filter Room these
searchlights were to be activated by the radar operators and used to help guide
lost aircraft towards suitable airfields. On 13th August the station was
visited by Air Vice Marshal RS Aitkin who was the Air Officer Commanding 60
Group.
Very little appears in the records I have found for
September but there were a couple of notable events in October. IFF Mark III
(BL3 System) was installed on the west side of the Ops/Tech Site and the new
searchlight was used operationally for the first time. The light was used to illuminate a Catalina
Flying Boat which had come down in the sea and it helped to guide a High Speed
Rescue Launch to the area.
The Original Caledon turning gear for the radar aerial was
replaced in November by a more modern CD100 system - the station was off the
air for a week whilst the work was carried out. I have been unable to locate
any more records before the end of 1943.
1944. During 1944 there appears to have been less hostile
air activity in the Shetland area than in the previous 2 years. Most of the
records for Watsness appear to be
of an admin or technical nature. D Day
took place in June and a number of allied bombing raids against targets in
Norway would have been observed by the Shetland radars; for example, the
Lancaster force sinking the Tirpitz in November.
Some of the main events in 1944 are listed below:
In January a second radar transmitter (T3079) was installed
as a duplicate and the new turning gear was giving problems due to warping of
the aerial gantry.
In March a transmitter and amplifier were sent to the Unit
to provide a back-up R/T facility with the Lerwick Filter room.
On July 28th a Hostile aircraft was plotted for some
distance but there is no record of any defensive fighter action taken.
On 2nd August the OC 70 Wing, Group Captain EC Richmond,
paid a visit in the morning and in the afternoon an exercise to test the speed
of manning defences was held. A new CD 100 turning gear, with 300lb copper
wire, was installed by a fitting party from Caledon and the R/T facilities were
also activated. There must have been little going on as another defence manning
exercise was held on the evening of 20th August.
Some excitement occurred on 29th October when a group of 50+
friendly bombers was plotted heading NE towards Norway
1945. The
number of operational records continued to decrease, not surprising really as
the focus of the war effort moved further away. Victory in Europe Day (VE
Day) was celebrated on 8th May but the
station stayed open for a few more months after that. A few of the notable
events:
In February bad weather (snow) blocked the roads causing the
station to be cut off from the rest of the island. After 10 days of isolation personnel
reached the stage whereby they were just about to break open the 2 day
emergency rations which were held in reserve. The CO of RAF Sumburgh came to
the rescue and organised a resupply mission for the Unit. Two Avro Ansons made
a very successful air drop on 4th February. The following recognition picture
of a Anson was crown copyright and reprinted in the 1952 Observers Book of
Aircraft:
Sometime later a Norwegian trawler landed ordinary supplies
at the Walls pier from where they were manhandled the 4 miles to the station by Unit personnel.
Early in the morning of 11th March the searchlight was twice
exposed to help guide an aircraft, identified only as G.A.349, safely to Sumburgh.
The records I have seen give no indication of the way in
which VE Day on 8th May was celebrated but there was bound to have been some
kind of party organised. With effect from 23rd June the fact that we were no
longer at war in Europe was recognised when the Unit was put onto a peacetime
watch system.
The next major occurrence was the instruction from higher
command for all RAF radar stations in Shetland (including Watsness) to stop
reporting tracks from 4th August and for the same stations to be put on Care
& Maintenance from 22nd August 1945.
I would be pleased to hear from anyone who can add to, or correct any mistakes in, the above: gordon.carleATgmail.com (replace the "AT").
I would be pleased to hear from anyone who can add to, or correct any mistakes in, the above: gordon.carleATgmail.com (replace the "AT").
Acknowledgements
& Sources
Willie Mail (of Gravens) - Shetland
Iris Sandison (of Walls) - Shetland
Unst Heritage Centre - Shetland
Whalsay Heritage Centre - Shetland
Shetland Museum & Archives Photo Library
Bob Jenner
Mike Dean
SD 0458 Photographic
Record of Radar Stations (Ground), August 1943
Air 26 - 092 HQ 70 Wg ORB
Air 26 - 094 HQ 70 Wg ORB Appendices
Air 26 - 095 HQ 70 Wg ORB
Air 26 - 100 HQ 71 Wg ORB
Dec 41 to Mar 42 Cpl Wilf Tetley (Cook with the
advance party - posted to RAF Clett in Whalsay)
2 Sep 43 - CO F/O Lowman RCAF (tech) -P/O Desmond
(tech) - Sgt Thompson (R/tech)
27 Jul 44 - Fg Off Heath posted out
Aug 44 - F/O RC Weir CO
22 Sep 44 - F/O Weir posted , F/O RC O'Neal assumes command
19 Oct 44 - F/O O'Neal Posted, Sgt FW Andrews assumes command
25 Oct 44 F/O HJ Lowden assumes command
29 Nov 44 F/O CE Fulton assumes command vice F/O Lowden (temporary duty)
3 Dec 44 F/O Lowden returned from temporary duty
30 Dec 44 Sgt WA Ward assumes command vice F/O Lowden (Course)
7 Jan 45
F/O Lowden returns
11 Jan 45 Sgt WA Ward assumes command vice F/O
Lowden (Course)
13 Feb 45 F/O EW Anderson assumed command
vice Sgt Ward
24 Feb 45 WO GW Hall assumed command Vice
F/O Anderson (Course)
4 Mar 45 Sgt Ward assumed command vice WO Hall
6 Jun 45 Sgt J Blakeley assumed vice Sgt Ward - who returned on 28 Jun
Dates ? LAC ? Norman Fernie, Radar Mechanic d o b 26-10 -1909
Note 2. Some More
Photos of the Ops/Tech Site.Dates ? LAC ? Norman Fernie, Radar Mechanic d o b 26-10 -1909
Note 3.
Some More Photos of the Domestic Site.
CONTENTS LIST
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